“MAKE THE SUPERHERO GREAT AGAIN!”: INTRODUCTION TO THE ISSUE

Thee article is an opening message from the journal's editors summarizing the key aspects of the issue.


INTRODUCTION
Thee issues and debates concerning the concept of the heroic are an integral part of both ancient and modern cultures. Thee hero takes an important place in the formation of the cultural landscape. Ofteentimes being a refliection of social ideals, and the psycho-spiritual precepts of a particular culture or society, the heroic not only refliects the social and economic norms of this or that epoch, but also at a certain moment begins to form them. Theat is why the theme of the heroic -with all its various ancillaries and permutations -becomes central to many mythological narratives, starting from antiquity all the way to our spectacular visual and pop cultural mythologies in late capitalism.
In recent pre-modern epochs, the theme of the heroic remained central for epic and historical discourses, and in the twentieth century it becomes one of the main ideological symbols of the Soviet state, for example. Over time, therefore, the image of a superhero has become one of the fundamental images in the mass culture of the 20th and 21st centuries. Coming down from the pages of American comics, they have made their way into the most diverse areas of modern culture: cinema, computer games, anime, cosplay, etc. Theey are no longer heroes only for young people, becoming a kind of cultural core around which a whole universe of images, ideas, meanings, concepts, etc. is built and orbits.
Thee emergence of the superhero phenomenon is connected with the neo-mythological paradigm of American Mass Culture as an integral feature of the early 20th century Modernist cultural model. Thee mass cultural emergence of the superhero appears in step with periods of global sociopolitical, economic, and cultural ennui. As a counter to the experiences of national depression, their emergence is inextricable from the collective dream of common Americans seeking support and encouragement during economic and social crises, united by the common name of the Great Depression. Despite their ofteentimes alien provenance and superhuman powers and abilities, the new heroes of modern mass culture display such traits as an indomitable willingness to come to the aid of the everyman, to risk his own life, and the quintessence of heroism itself -death for the interests and well-being of others, particularly the innocent and the downtrodden.
It is certain that a superhero is a kind of litmus test that indicates or indexes the directions of modern society's development. But it is also a testing ground, where certain ideas are brought together in a state of fliux and play, precipitating society's ability and interest in evaluatin its attei-tude toward each new image of a superhero, approaching it quite critically, accepting or rejecting it. Theerefore, we can say that a superhero is a dynamic ficgure, developing as well as indicating the state of public moods, aspirations and expectations.
Actualization of the superhero character in the 21st century is a marker of complex global problems that humankind has faced. Thee study of this phenomenon in modern culture provides an opportunity to consider these problems from a new angle.
Researchers have approached the study of the phenomenon of the hero and heroic from a multitude of perspectives. First of all, we should mention the study of T. Carlyle's On Heroes, Hero-worship and the Heroic in History (1840), which examines the role of the individual in history. Undoubtedly, the central problem of the study is the "cult of the heroic" and the formation of the hero in his, her, or their historical retrospective.
Thee comic book and both the specificcs of its narrative and aesthetic language are analyzed by the seminal work of J. , R. , P. , Ch. , T. Groensteen (2009) and others. A collection of articles by M. T. Inge Comics as culture (1990) is devoted to the analysis of the place of comics among other art forms, as well as to its specificcity in a highly syncretistic art. A noteworthy specialist in the history of early comics and protocols is D. . Likewise, the approach to superheroes of Sh.  can also be called historical.
B. Beaty (2007) Another significcant work in this area is C. Jeffeery's book entitled Thee Posthuman Body in Superhero Comics: Human, Superhuman, Transhuman, Post/Human (2016). Thee author analyses the problems of body refliexion and physicality in superhero comics as issues of transhumanism and posthumanity. Thee evolution of the representation of the Batman and Superman bodies on the pages of comics is traced by a group of researchers from Brazil. Theey concluded that initially Batman and Superman were drawn with less muscular features, and the shape contemporary readers are used to began to appear much later (Correa, Capraro, & Silva, 2019, p. 14).
Issues of female identity in the context of superheroic bodily integrity are analyzed in a work of H. Pennell & E. Behm-Morawitz. In their study, the researchers atteempted to examine "the short-term effeects of sexualized female characters in superhero movies on female audience perceptions of gender roles, self-esteem and self-lenseness" (2015, p. 211).
Thee study found that "familiarity with images of sexualized female victims in superhero movies has reduced egalitarian views of gender roles. Exposure to images of a sexualized heroine resulted in a decrease in respect for the body. But the positive effeect was manifested in greater conficdence in the importance of body skills for the self-esteem of women who became acquainted with superhero characters" (2015, p. 219).
Thee evolution of female characters in the context of third wave feminism is traced in V. Curtis and V. Cardo. In this work, researchers analyze the important role of intersectionality, along with topics related to the body and sexuality, violence, solidarity and equality in comic books (2018, p. 381). Despite the importance of this issue, we can note a certain lack of research on comics as a cultural phenomenon in Russian scholarship. Special mention should be made of the contribution of D. Dmitrieva, who examines the genesis of the comic book and the phenomenon of a superhero in the context of visual culture of the 20 th century (2014).

MAKE THE SUPERHERO GREAT AGAIN!
Theis issue was conceived quite a long time ago, but we started its implementation only in 2019, when we opened our own research journal Galactica Media, which was able to atteract a huge audience and authors interested in researching the image of the superhero and comic books more generally. At a cursory glance, the title of this project may seem quite provocative at ficrst sight. "Make the Superhero Great Again!" is a paraphrase of the election slogan of D. Trump (President of the United States), which is very similar to the phrase used by Bane (Tom Hardy) in C. Nolan's trilogy-concluding blockbuster Thee Dark Knight Rises, where he says: "Make Gotham Great Again!"(2012). Thee title of this issue does not nor is intended to carry any political context, but in light of current political and cultural issues, we also felt as if we could not ignore the very complex relationship between the symbolism, history, politics, counter-culture, and status-quo inherent in the issues and debates concerning the concept of the comic book superhero.
When we launched the project, we noticed that the geography of interested authors was growing daily. In particular, this project involves a large group of authors from diffeerent countries (Russia, Zimbabwe, USA, Brazil, China, Germany, Kyrgyzstan, Spain, Argentina and others). Theis indicates, ficrst of all, the fact that the image of a superhero is relevant not only within the remit of American mass culture. It has long been a global cultural phenomenon that affeects the development of local socio-cultural spaces.
We have ordered the incoming materials in ficve diffeerent sections of the issue. Thee ficrst section, entitled Representing Superhero, includes articles by authors who in their research have dealt with various issues and debates concerning superhero image construction and their representation in philosophy and contemporary culture. For example, the ficrst article Super-non-Hero: from Superpower to Ultra-Violence by Konstantin A. Ocheretyany examines the problem of changing the paradigm of a superhero in comic books. Thee author notes that since its inception, the superhero was the embodiment of the principles examined by Nietzsche and Freud in nature and culture: the superhuman and Super-Ego, which, according to Ocheretyany, redounds to the fact that latent to the concept of superpower is an obscene sadistic interiority. Ultimately, by analyzing the image of the superhero from a philosophical perspective, the author concludes that "a superhero begins to prescribe a moral model of nature and confront culture, and "sadism" of his actions (ie, destructive conse-quences) -a way to present a categorical imperative at the level of visual and imaginative language". Arina A. Kutovaia and Ekaterina V. Mikhailovskaya in their article entitled Thee Myth of Batman: Intra-and Interdiscursive Transformations focus on the problem of representing the Batman image "as a collection of texts and a single process of their creation in diffeerent media, such as comics, animation, ficlm and video games". Taynah Ibanez Barbosa & Mateus Yuri Passos (Stepping out of Divinity: Tom King's "All-too-human" Batman) has the aim of understanding how subtle changes in the characterization of a superhero may make them more congruent with the current day morality and ideals of global, digital society, even if a given character is willing to directly challenge that morality. In Kwasu Tembo's essay entitled Why Superman Will Not Save the World: Theeorizing the Relationship Between Suffeering and DC Comics Superman, the author, equipped with psychoanalytical tools, demonstrates an inextricable link between comic book superheroes and suffeering.
Thee section Superhero in Cinema opens with an article entitled "Thee Dark is Afraid of Me": Philosophical and Anthropological Issues in the Riddick Trilogy, in which Sergey A. Pesyakov shows the development of superhero storylines as monomythological constructs.
Thee authors from the section Literature and Superheroes, in which two articles have been published, address the question of heroic and superheroic constructions, which are the basis for the characters of classical and non-classical literary works. In them, the authors consider the images of protosuperheroes in Russian classical literature (Elena E. Zavyalova Protosuperheroes in Russian Classics of the 19 th century) and the problems of the heroic in the epic "Song about the Nibelungen" (Asia A.

Sarakaeva & Elina A. Sarakaeva Hero and Fate in the Nibelungenlied).
Thee section Superhero: from Thaeory to Sociocultural Practice is dedicated to the problems of research into the construction of socio-cultural reality in the context of the superhero. We decided to title the last section Global & Local Superhero. Here, we have combined authors' articles that address the problems of global and local cultures and their impact on the global socio-cultural space. For example, this section opens with Anja Lange's Thee Beginning of Ukrman -a Fighter against the Evil and the Coronavirus, in which the au-thor introduces the Ukrainian superhero Ukrmen. In the article, the author explores the issues of refliection in this superhero of those socio-cultural processes and phenomena that are typical of contemporary Ukraine. Samantha da Silva Diefenthaeler's article Notes on Penthesilea: the Marks of a Past of Female Heroism explores the problem of representation of female superheroic images in modern culture. Lastly, Vinodh Venkatesh in his essay entitled Argentina in Crisis: Superheroes in Zenitram (2010) and Kryptonita (2015) describes Latin American superheroic images relevant to Argentina and how these images are represented on television.
We very much hope that this issue will be interesting not only for researchers of mass and comic book culture, but also for all interested in the research problems addressed by our contributors.