Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of the process of brand awareness formation under the influence of mass media. Knowing the parameters of this process allows us to answer the question of how many times a person must meet a brand in the media environment in order to remember it, and what extent of brand mentioning in the media must be achieved in order to get a certain level of its popularity. Two aspects of awareness are singled out: recall (knowledge without prompting) and recognition (knowledge with prompting). An empirical study was carried out, which made it possible to isolate and measure, on a sufficient level of accuracy, the influence of the Russian central press on the brand awareness of more than 20 sociological companies in Russia over a period of 15 years. It showed that the presence of a brand in the press is significant, and it affects linearly both forms of awareness – recall and recognition. A strong linear relationship allows us to calculate the effective frequency of introductions and to build a predictive model for the formation of brand awareness under the influence of the media, as well as, using plausible assumptions, to estimate the effective frequency of contacts.
References
Andreev, E. P. (1978). Social research: Building and comparing indicators. Nauka. (In Russian).
Assmus, D. U. (2016). Integrated marketing communication and customer engagement: “It’s Beautiful.” In J. M. Persuit & C. L. McDowell Marinchak (Eds.), Integrated Marketing Communication: Creating Spaces for Engagement (pp. 23–36). Lexington Books.
Barreda, A. A., Bilgihan, A., Nusair, K., & Okumus, F. (2015). Generating brand awareness in Online Social Networks. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 600–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.03.023
Batra, R., Myers, D., & Aaker, D. (2004). Advertising management. Prosveshhenie. (In Russian).
Bergkvist, L., & Taylor, C. R. (2022). Reviving and Improving Brand Awareness As a Construct in Advertising Research. Journal of Advertising, 51(3), 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2022.2039886
Bryant, D., & Thompson, S. (2004). The basics of media influence. Vil'jams. (In Russian).
Calder, B. J., & Malthouse, E. C. (2003). The Behavioral Score Approach to Dependent Variables. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 13(4), 387–394. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327663JCP1304_06
Davtyan, D., Cunningham, I., & Tashchian, A. (2021). Effectiveness of brand placements in music videos on viewers’ brand memory, brand attitude and behavioral intentions. European Journal of Marketing, 55(2), 420–443. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-08-2019-0670
Doktorov, B. Z. (2008). Advertising and Public Opinion Polling in the United States: A History of Inception. The fortunes of the creators. Publishers CSP. (In Russian).
Ebbinghaus, G. (1998). Changing mental formations. In Yu. B. Gippenreiter & V. Ya. Romanov (Eds.), The psychology of memory (pp. 243–264). CheRo. (In Russian).
Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory. Columbia University.
Fransen, M. L., Verlegh, P. W. J., Kirmani, A., & Smit, E. G. (2015). A typology of consumer strategies for resisting advertising, and a review of mechanisms for countering them. International Journal of Advertising, 34(1), 6–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2014.995284
Gormley, A. (2022). Preparing the communications program. In R. L. Dilenschneider (Ed.), The Public Relations Handbook. BenBella Books.
Hawkins, S. A., Hoch, S. J., & Meyers-Levy, J. (2001). Low-Involvement Learning: Repetition and Coherence in Familiarity and Belief. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 11(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1207/15327660152054003
Knott, D. L., & Slater, J. (2005). Effective Frequency/Presence and Recency: Applying Advertising Theories to Public Relations. In M. L. Watson (Ed.), The Impact of PR in Creating a More Ethical World (pp. 210–226). University of Miami.
Kotler, F., & Keller, K.L. (2018). Marketing Management. Express course. 6th ed. Piter. (In Russian).
Krugman, H. E. (1965). The Impact of Television Advertising: Learning Without Involvement. Public Opinion Quarterly, 29(3), 349. https://doi.org/10.1086/267335
Langaro, D., Rita, P., & de Fátima Salgueiro, M. (2018). Do social networking sites contribute for building brands? Evaluating the impact of users’ participation on brand awareness and brand attitude. Journal of Marketing Communications, 24(2), 146–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2015.1036100
Lantos, G. P. (2015). Consumer Behavior in Action: Real-life Applications for Marketing Managers. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315705439
Laurent, G., Kapferer, J.-N., & Roussel, F. (1995). The Underlying Structure of Brand Awareness Scores. Marketing Science, 14(3_supplement), G170–G179. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.14.3.G170
Lord, K. R., & Putrevu, S. (1993). Advertising and publicity: An information processing perspective. Journal of Economic Psychology, 14(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(93)90040-R
Mehmetoglu, M., & Jakobsen, T. G. (2016). Applied Statistics Using Stata: A Guide for the Social Sciences. SAGE.
Monitoring of social media and the media. Company presentation. (2022). Medialogia. https://www.mlg.ru/about/pdf/MLG_For_PR_SMM.pdf (In Russian).
Nurkova, V. V. (2006). Memory. General psychology in 7 volumes (B. S. Bratus, Ed.; Vol. 3). Akademia. (In Russian).
Pechmann, C., & Stewart, D. W. (1988). Advertising Repetition: A Critical Review of Wearin and Wearout. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 11(1–2), 285–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/01633392.1988.10504936
Poponov, M. (2020). Press market 2020. Speech at the Publishing Business Forum. Publishing Expo. Reboot. Mediascope. https://mediascope.net/upload/iblock/4a3/Mediascope_Publishing_Expo_2020.pdf (In Russian).
Romaniuk, J., Wight, S., & Faulkner, M. (2017). Brand awareness: Revisiting an old metric for a new world. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 26(5), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-06-2016-1242
Schmidt, S., & Eisend, M. (2015). Advertising Repetition: A Meta-Analysis on Effective Frequency in Advertising. Journal of Advertising, 44(4), 415–428. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00913367.2015.1018460
Sissors, D. Z., & Baron, R. B. (2004). Advertising media planning. Piter. (In Russian).
Smith, G. E. (2016). The Opt-Out Effect: Marketing Strategies that Empower Consumers and Win Customer-Driven Brand Loyalty. Pearson Education.
Sociological research in Russia: Public awareness and attitudes. (2005). Public opinion monitoring: economic and social change, 1, 53–60. (In Russian).
Tellis, G. J. (2003). Effective Advertising: Understanding When, How, and Why Advertising Works. SAGE Publications.
Uchihara, T., Webb, S., & Yanagisawa, A. (2019). The Effects of Repetition on Incidental Vocabulary Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of Correlational Studies. Language Learning, 69(3), 559–599. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12343
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.